Latin America
Done By Roberto Preza
Political
Mexico:
- Francisco Madero: wanted to establish modest political reforms to lift social tensions and let the government develop its economy with little political disturbance, but his plans were opposed by Porfirio Diaz. Madero was arrested by Porfirio Diaz, but was later released and led a revolt. Madero was later assassinated.
- Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata: Villa gathered farmers and other people in the north while Zapata gathered peasants in the south in an attempt to get rid of Diaz, getting rid of Diaz didn't change the conditions in Mexico very much. Both men later also challenged General Victoriano Huerta who was trying to establish a dictatorship like the one Diaz had had. They succeeded in 1914 when Huerta was removed from power. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 granted land reform, promised rights of workers, limited clerical education and church ownership of property, promised educational reforms, and restricted foreign ownership on essential resources.
- Getulio Vargas: became president in 1929, he had guaranteed liberal reforms and the ridding of the abuses which the old system had expressed. When Vargas became president he started a new kind of centralized political program, while dictating federal administrators over state governments. Vargas operated a corporatist government which had little labor negotiations under government supervision and a state controlled economy. Vargas was ousted by a military coup in 1945, after 5 years, he was back as president and was now supportive of nationalism and a Workers’ party.
Economy
All:
- WWI: The countries of Latin America suffered greatly, products stopped being imported which meant the products could now only be made locally. Capital went down as people started spending less, this restricted the market. Latin American countries were also hurt by their lack of technology. WWI caused inflation making the wages of the working class fall. Argentina began relying on foreign investment, so the marketing of their products declined. Brazil became dependent on its exporting of coffee.
Religion
All:
- Catholicism: By far the most influential religion in Latin America is Catholicism, it has been present since the Spanish and Portuguese arrived. At the beginning of the 20th and end of the 19th centuries people went against the church due to its increasing power and the injustice it was doing. But now in present day catholicism is losing popularity.
Society
All:
- Women Rights: after WWI women still lacked the same rights as men and inequality was visible. Women created groups to urge for voting and other rights. Ecuador and Cuba didn't allow women to vote until 1929 and Brazil allowed women voters until 1923. Present day women are still fighting for rights, their role in politics keeps increasing today and so is their role in labor forces due to lower wages than men.
Innovations
All:
- Stuff: Latin American artists and writers have received world recognition and acknowledgement, the need for artistic expression has increased over the years as people now have more rights in present day. Latin American art and literature mostly shows political and social criticism (hardships of life).
Arts/Architecture
Artist:
- Diego Rivera: Born in 1886 in Mexico, at the beginning of his career the main focus of his work was to depict the lives of the people in Mexico. In 1921, working with the government, Rivera began working on a series of murals, that were located in and on public buildings, some of his work was quite controversial. Became interested in murals on a trip he took to Italy, influenced by the Russian and Mexican Revolution which took place in the 1910s.
Near Geographic
All:
- Population and Land Mass: South America’s Population in 2013 was approximately 386,000,000. South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. The present population of South America is the result of internal migration shaped by a demand for jobs, cheap labor, political refugees, and illegal immigration. South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi).
Sources
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623309/Getulio-Vargas
http://www.diegorivera.org/
http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/south-america-population-2013/
Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations. 3rd ed. New York, NY: 2003. Print.
http://www.russellmeansfreedom.com/tag/pancho-villa/
http://revolucionmexicana-coster.blogspot.com/p/francisco-i-madero.html
http://mexicanhistory.org/Diaz.htm
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/10/20/museum-featuring-diego-rivera-auto-industry-themed-murals-could-fall-victim-to-detroit-bankruptcy/
http://www.diegorivera.org/
http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/south-america-population-2013/
Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations. 3rd ed. New York, NY: 2003. Print.
http://www.russellmeansfreedom.com/tag/pancho-villa/
http://revolucionmexicana-coster.blogspot.com/p/francisco-i-madero.html
http://mexicanhistory.org/Diaz.htm
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/10/20/museum-featuring-diego-rivera-auto-industry-themed-murals-could-fall-victim-to-detroit-bankruptcy/